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The Day After U.S. Strikes on Iran’s Nuclear Program: A Policy and Legal Assessment


June 23, 2025

On June 21, the United States conducted airstrikes on three nuclear sites in Iran—Fordow, Natanz, and Esfahan—marking the first direct U.S. military attack on Iran’s nuclear program. The strikes bring the United States directly into the Israel-Iran War that began on June 13 with Israeli attacks against Iranian nuclear and military infrastructure, as well as top officials and scientists. The strikes also risk a dramatic escalation, potentially expanding into a much broader conflict.
On June 21, the United States conducted airstrikes on three nuclear sites in Iran—Fordow, Natanz, and Esfahan—marking the first direct U.S. military attack on Iran’s nuclear program. The strikes bring the United States directly into the Israel-Iran War that began on June 13 with Israeli attacks against Iranian nuclear and military infrastructure, as well as top officials and scientists. The strikes also risk a dramatic escalation, potentially expanding into a much broader conflict.

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